Higher Education and Justice-Involved Learners

Pam Sornson, JD on June 4, 2024

If nothing else, America stands to save a lot of money if it refocuses its management of the country’s incarcerated and post-incarcerated populations. Today’s penal industry exacts significant punishment on its inmates while also compelling them into unemployment, poverty, and worse. The cost to society of running its current ‘justice’ systems is high, both in terms of prison and jail costs and in the economic losses suffered by the inmates, their families, and their communities. Switching its focus from punishment to education would reduce these losses while adding valuable assets to the national workforce.

 

Incarceration is Expensive

Imprisoning people for any reason generates costs in several arenas. Today’s prison and justice systems consume over $80 billion per year, housing the millions of people who reside in America’s prisons and jails. In 2022 alone, over 1.2 million inmates languished in the nation’s prisons, and almost half a million (469,000) more joined that prison population that year. Another seven+ million people went to jail, and, of those, an average of one in four were re-arrested within one year of exiting it. Those ‘justice-involved’ people who also suffer ‘social’ challenges (mental health conditions, poverty, substance abuse disorders, etc.) are often worse off after being released than they were when they entered the system.

Adding to the challenge is the additional $530 billion the country spends supporting the families and communities from which the incarcerated people come.

Not only does the country pay a lot to warehouse millions of inmates, but it also reduces their opportunity to contribute economically back to their community:

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) currently loses over $80 billion per year when formerly incarcerated people are excluded from the workforce.

Not only do those folks not have work, but they also don’t pay local or state taxes that support their communities.

Instead, over one-quarter (27%) of released former inmates rely on publicly funded social services and unemployment resources to live post-incarceration.

Recent research tracked the monetary value of 23 different ‘costs’ associated with incarceration – beyond justice system spending – and estimates that the actual aggregate cost of America’s incarceration industry tops $1 trillion per year, which amounts to 6% of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Fortunately, there’s a better way to manage the challenges posed by people who will not or can’t follow society’s rules: Provide them with the opportunity for an education that alleviates their various stresses and gives them the skills to contribute positively to their neighborhood.

 

Educating Current and Former Inmates Is Good Business

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce (USCC) insists that there’s an excellent business case to be made for hiring formerly incarcerated people. Research conducted by that entity reveals that refocusing incarceration time to value education rather than punishment promises a much better net result for both the former inmate and the community and country. Its data suggests that the positive economic factors related to a change of intention for the nation’s prison industry should compel much more investigation and investment in training and rehabilitating these populations:

If these people were welcomed back into the workforce, the GDP could grow instead of shrink. Individual studies show that employing just 100 formerly incarcerated individuals could add $1.2 million annually in earnings and up to $55 million in lifetime post-incarceration income.

Studies also indicate that these populations demonstrate higher loyalty and experience lower turnover than non-justice-involved workers, giving employers a more stable and reliable workforce.

Well-paid former inmates are also much less likely to re-offend or return to the justice system, which completely avoids the costs incurred in those systems.

The data suggests that transitioning both the intent and the practices involved in incarceration strategies to embrace training and rehabilitation would be a much better investment of public dollars. So how might that happen?

 

California’s Community Colleges Reach Out to Justice-Involved Students

Recent social justice developments are driving a change in attitude and focus for the nation’s colleges and universities. In the past, now outdated policies limited access to scholarships, intentionally ignored academic achievements behind bars, and prevented the establishment of college-level courses within a prison’s ‘rehabilitation’ process, all of which acted as nearly insurmountable barriers to upward mobility or personal improvement while or after being incarcerated. Further, in too many cases, those populations most impacted by the inequities were those of people of color; Blacks and Latinos are twice as likely to be incarcerated as their Caucasian counterparts.

In California, the community college-based Rising Scholars Network (RSN) is overriding those outdated models. Emerging from the Corrections to College California initiative, the RSN comprises a majority of California’s colleges that have dedicated resources designed specifically to assist currently or formerly incarcerated students. As a network, the RSN agency works with corrections partners to articulate challenges and find solutions to problems in both the college and prison settings. The project uses resources designed and developed by the California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office (CCCCO) and embraces both those students in prison and those released from incarceration. The initiative offers guidance for educational entities that serve (or want to serve) these populations.

For learners still imprisoned, the ‘education access’ program follows a similar path as that utilized for non-justice-related students:

Building on partnerships with prison employees, the project establishes an on-site ‘campus’ within prison walls that adheres to the constraints of both institutions: the school and the prison.

Guided Pathways is a successful student-focused strategy that leads the learner to programs and courses best suited to their preferences and capabilities.

Changes in language and jargon reduce the stigma created by being incarcerated. Learners are identified as students, not inmates.

As much as possible, college attendees behind bars are treated the same as if they were on school grounds and not in a prison.

Formerly incarcerated learners face challenges, too, related to their previous imprisonment. Typically, this population lacks the financial and social resources that are common for non-justice-involved students, such as access to housing, reliable transportation, and funding opportunities. Schools hosting these learners adopt practices that facilitate as easy a learning opportunity for them as possible:

Enhanced privacy standards ensure their history remains private and in the past.

Faculty and staff are vetted for their comprehension of the justice system so they know the systems from which their students are coming.

Community-based resources directed at the formerly incarcerated are incorporated into program and course plans to ensure the student can access all available assets, not just those located on the school campus.

School counselors can also look for paid work positions such as internships or apprenticeships for the formerly incarcerated, which also opens doors beyond the school to a financially secure future.

The CCCCO administers the ~90 community colleges currently involved in the RSN, which work with correctional facilities to provide programs for youths and adults in the prison system. The programs operate primarily on campus (at 80 schools) but also in youth facilities (34), jails (30), and prisons (25).

 

Today’s prison systems are mired in outdated, unscientific policies and procedures that cost too much in both lives and money. By pivoting their focus to educating—not punishing—their inmates, those systems stand to reduce their costs while providing an almost unmatched resource back to their local and regional neighborhoods: a skilled and educated worker who will contribute to society, not drain resources out of it.

 

The Economies of Incarceration

Pam Sornson, JD on May 31, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

June 4, 2024

The emerging digital economy offers boons and benefits to anyone with the resources and capacity to see and embrace its opportunities. Its technologically enhanced expansion eliminates borders, facilitating access to larger markets and vast numbers of new consumers. Its future promise is almost unlimited as more options, iterations, and assets amplify those that are already driving unprecedented growth.

Not all people can access these options, however. Barriers—both incidental and intentional—often prevent individuals from attaining their fair share of existing resources, leaving them in the uncomfortable situation of having to rely on public services to meet their basic needs. The cost to society of supporting these populations is high, so reducing their numbers and increasing their opportunities for self-sufficiency would provide benefits to both them and their community.

 

The High Cost of Incarceration

One such population is that of the incarcerated or formerly incarcerated adult. Too often, people who have been involved with the criminal justice system are written off as perpetual ‘bad seeds,’ and few resources are made available to them to assist with their rehabilitation back into society. This negative perspective, unfortunately, perpetuates not just the downward economic path of the individual but also an increasing public burden for their support. It’s time to reverse this sad perspective and offer those who’ve paid their ‘debt to society’ the resources and support they need to become contributing members of it instead.

The reality is that it’s not just the prisoner who experiences jail- or prison time. Their immediate and extended family, as well as the community in which they live, also feel the impact of a corrections-system involvement. And while the national ‘cost of incarceration’ is frequently cited at around $80 billion (the actual annual cost spent by governments to house criminally convicted individuals), that sum does not include the myriad of incidental and ancillary expenditures that follow the imprisonment of a single person. Sorting through that data reveals an expanding, community-based economic burden that dwarfs the total expenditures of state and federal prison systems.

The Institute for Justice Research and Development at Florida State University (IJRD) has done extensive research on the direct and indirect costs of incarceration, and its data suggests that, at least from an economic point of view, it may be time to rethink how America manages its criminal justice system-involved population.

 

Economic Impacts of Incarceration on the Individual

The most significant impact on the individual (after the loss of freedom, obviously) is the loss of wages and earning capacity as a consequence of imprisonment. Data indicates that the average prison inmate loses over $33,000 per year (2014 dollars) in earnings, money which would otherwise be spent in the community. Multiply this by the number of prison inmates (1,230,100 at the end of 2022) times the average length of a prison stay (2.25 years), and the lost economic contributions to the national community totals over $90 billion annually.

Additionally, each individual prisoner also suffers a life-long reduction in their earning capacity simply because they have a prison record. Totaling up the aggregate amount of lost lifetime earnings incurred by formerly incarcerated persons equals over $230 billion annually.

 

Economic Impacts of Incarceration on Communities, Families and Children

The communities from which many incarcerated people come also suffer challenges because their typically difficult social circumstances generate criminal behaviors. Despite the assertion that the threat of incarceration deters crime, the data suggests that the act of incarcerating a person actually causes crime rates to increase.

In reports issued over several years, responses to researchers indicate that:

Only one in five formerly incarcerated people experienced a marked deterrent effect post-prison,

while one-third of respondents stated being imprisoned had no deterrent impact at all.

Almost all respondents (92%), however, reported that their experience of prison was like attending a ‘university of criminality’ where they could learn better, more effective ways to commit crimes and avoid subsequent punishments.

In fact, in controlled studies, those justice-involved persons who were sent to prison were much more likely to re-offend within three years after release than those who were assigned probation or other non-incarceration options. Those given probation instead of prison were much less likely to recidivate within that time frame. Called the ‘Criminogenic Effect of Incarceration,’ the research suggests that, at least in some cases, not incarcerating an individual can reduce future crime rates by reducing the number of criminals on the streets.

The incarcerated (or formerly incarcerated) person isn’t the only one impacted by a prison sentence, either. The IJRD report also reveals the negative impacts on their family members, who struggle to make up for the decided gap in their lives due to their family member’s absence. Children whose parents are incarcerated also experience significant hurdles in their development and to their future:

They are five times more likely to go to prison themselves than those children whose parent wasn’t incarcerated. This population alone – incarcerated children of formerly incarcerated parents – costs the system an additional $130 billion annually.

They also often wind up in foster care. An increase in the number of incarcerated women accounted for a 130% rise in foster care cases between 1985 and 2000, which consumed another $5.3 billion of the American budget.

Other research by Washington Corrections Watch uses the term ‘Secondary Incarceration’ to describe the impact of imprisonment on the family of the inmate. This population suffers significantly different effects than the incarcerated person, but suffer they do.

Stress from knowing about the harsh conduct typically meted out by prison staff in a prison setting causes families to suffer, knowing their loved one is suffering, too.

Children who lose access to critically important parental resources are also more likely to suffer from low self-esteem, depression, and other psychological conditions, which limit their development.

These families are also often stigmatized by their friends and neighbors, or even co-workers and employers who learn about the criminal connection.

The financial challenges that arise from having an incarcerated parent are also significant. These families are more likely to not just be evicted from their homes, but they also face a higher risk of becoming homeless as a result of their corrections connection. Providing support for homeless families with incarcerated members costs the country another $2.2 billion each year.

The research seems clear that incarcerating a person doesn’t provide the values it is designed to create: a reduction in crime and a safer community. There is rarely a corresponding effect of ‘deterrence’ that reduces overall crime. Instead, the nation’s current system of incarceration and criminal ‘corrections’ strategies are generating more and better-trained criminals while also generating billions in added costs to support them and their families as they struggle to survive without their family member’s presence. Through this lens, it appears that both federal and state governments are losing more money when they incarcerate people than they would generate if they harnessed that population as workers/economic contributors instead.

 

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) focuses on equity principles as well as economic growth and includes people impacted by incarceration within its purview. The nation’s college system is now building better resources for ‘justice-impacted students.’ Our next article looks at how outreach to these tender populations promises to both reduce generational criminality while also building a stronger, more inclusive workforce.

IIJA in Action: California’s Infrastructure Upgrades

Pam Sornson, JD on May 17, 2024

The State of California has fully embraced the opportunities arising from the Federal Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA). State leaders have been strategizing which projects are most worthy of those newly furnished funds, and its primary focus is its infrastructure. Thousands of miles of roads, tracks, bridges, etc., thousands of power lines, poles, and stations, and countless runs of water supply lines have all gone decades without adequate inspections or refurbishments. At the same time, emerging technological and industrial upgrades also attract significant attention due to their promise of faster, better, and more comprehensive services. Not surprisingly, California is, again, positioning itself as a national leader by using this once-in-a-lifetime moment to enhance its available assets (legacy, emerging, and tried-and-true) to improve its economy and the lives of its residents.

 

 

The IIJA Delivers California’s Future

California’s allocation of IIJA funding—$180 billion over ten years—will go a long way toward alleviating the stressors currently threatening the State’s foundational functionality. In addition to improving roads, power systems, water systems, etc., spending to date also includes projects that address many of the State’s underlying equity concerns. As well, those dollars will fund over 400,000 new jobs as workers are hired and trained to fill job openings that don’t presently exist.

Governor Gavin Newsom and his team have distinguished eight overarching project categories that encompass the fundamental elements of a busy, thriving community:

Broadband Internet projects will ensure all Californians have access to internet connectivity, regardless of where they live. In Los Angeles County’s Antelope Valley, for example, the money is funding a cooperative-owned digital network to serve several communities.

Clean energy and power projects will revamp the energy grid to facilitate the achievement of the State’s climate goals. In Lancaster, almost $8 million will be used to convert unrecycled mixed waste paper into renewable hydrogen.

Environmental remediation and restoration projects will clean up the messes made by old-style, legacy infrastructure systems and processes and return local environments as close as possible to their original condition. Millions of dollars are aimed at remediating the effects of wildfires and floods across the state and, more locally, also restoring the Los Angeles River ecosystem.

Semiconductor projects will both ensure an abundant supply of technological resources to fuel anticipated growth as well as develop the workforce needed to maintain this growing industrial sector. In Santa Clara County, IIJA funds are paying apprentices to learn how to make the chips that run the world’s computers.

‘Streamlined project’ funding boosts the state-based resources already invested in existing projects, moving them forward faster and more efficiently. In one instance, Newsom is directing the money to complete the construction of 1,500 new homes in downtown L.A., which will inject upwards of $2 billion into the local economy, as well as generate over 10,000 union jobs.

Transportation project investments include simple enhancements, such as installing crosswalks in several counties, as well as larger, more complex opportunities, such as revamping the Bob Hope Airport in Burbank.

Water-focused projects include restoring the Santa Monica Bay Estuary (and its kelp forests and abalone populations) and ensuring groundwater reliability for recycled water supplies.

Zero-emission vehicle projects are becoming the economic drivers for the future. IIJA resources are being used to fund projects developing and installing electric vehicle charging stations, electrified school buses, and zero-emission transport trucks.

Already, California’s government has allocated over $41 billion to move its activities away from fossil fuels, repair its bridges and road systems, and restore natural spaces to their original state.

 

 

The IIJA Moves California Toward True Equity

Not least, IIJA spending projects must also incorporate equity principles to ensure that all communities benefit fairly from its enrichment. The goal here is to alleviate environmental and social realities that were built decades ago into legacy politics and structures. In too many cases, ‘official’ policy has isolated ‘disenfranchised’ neighborhoods (People of Color, varied ethnicities, those who are economically challenged, etc.) in polluted, un- or underserved locations. The federal Justice40 initiative mandates that 40% of federal funds be directed at these communities that have been marginalized by the discrimination inherent in these discriminatory rules and practices.

The Justice40 Initiative flows from President Biden’s position that public investments should reduce and/or eliminate the consequences of failed social policy while also focusing on cleaning up its mess. Early into his first term, he issued two Executive Orders that explain and define his purpose:

Executive Order 14008, issued February 2, 2021, announced Biden’s strategy to Tackle the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad. This sweeping revision of overarching national policies intends to build climate and social justice initiatives into virtually everything America does at home and around the world. In addition to including climate concerns in every international action and agreement, the Order also mandates that 40% of federal funds used in state or local infrastructure investments must be used to mitigate the errors of the past. One California project illustrates how this mandate can be met. Caltrans, California’s transportation agency, is receiving $1.86 billion for transport-related projects. Of that balance, $698.7 million (37.6%) is allocated to micro- or small-sized businesses, almost all of which would have no chance of contract participation without the federal government impetus.

Executive Order 14096, issued April 2023, aims at Revitalizing Our Nation’s Commitment to Environmental Justice for All. In this mandate, the President directs federal agencies to ‘disaggregate’ environmental risks, exposures, and health data from ethnic and other ‘equity’ principles (race, income, national origin, etc.). It also requires an assessment of data collection methodologies to remove patterns of ongoing or historical race- or ‘other’-based discrimination, ensuring that information related to all affected people is accurately contained in the revised documents, policies, and practices.

Several other Executive Orders buttress these two, underscoring this administration’s focus on improving the lives of all United States residents.

 

The combined efforts of California’s Governor Newsome and America’s President Biden are laying a new clean, inclusive, and fair foundation for the State of California, and the federal dollars pouring into state coffers are already building on that new resource.

IIJA in Action: California’s Expanding Workforce

Pam Sornson, JD on May 17, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

May 21, 2024

Infrastructure development breeds employment, apparently. As a beneficiary of President Biden’s Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), signed into law on November 15, 2021, California is receiving billions of dollars over a five- to ten-year period to revamp and improve its foundational infrastructure—its roads, energy systems, and natural resources. Additionally, and as a condition of accepting those funds for state-based infrastructure projects, recipient states must allocate a percentage of them to alleviate long-entrenched biases and inequities.

California is meeting the equity aspect of the deal by engaging and hiring thousands of small businesses to participate in completing IIJA projects. As a consequence of those investments (and as of September 25, 2023), more than 87,000 jobs have already been created in the State, and thousands more are on the books for development and deployment.

 

A ‘Just-in-Time’ Opportunity

The IIJA’s focus on job development couldn’t come at a better time for California. The State was hard hit by the coronavirus pandemic and has struggled to recover to its earlier, pre-COVID employment numbers. In March 2024, California had the highest unemployment rate in the country, at 5.3%. High unemployment rates have a significant and negative effect on their communities.

People without jobs generate a higher demand for public support and services.

Unemployed people are also less likely to shop, so their financial contribution to their community is reduced.

Long-term unemployment drains public coffers while eroding the quality of life for those who can’t find work. The IIJA and California’s strategy to improve its foundations (physical and social) will reduce the number of unemployed people and the negative impact that status has on the community.

 

Equity Identified

One unique type of entity that is singled out for enhanced IIJA attention is the ‘Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE).’ Now championed by the Federal Department of Transportation (DoT), these usually smaller organizations have been battling the ongoing biases and discrimination often embedded in publicly funded transportation projects for years. To be considered a DBE, at least 51% of the company’s ownership must be held by ‘socially and economically disadvantaged individuals‘ who are also active in daily management and control efforts. Sadly, the DoT presumes that Hispanics, African Americans, Asian-Pacific and Subcontinent Asian Americans, Native Americans, and women are socially and economically disadvantaged, so businesses owned and run by members of those populations automatically qualify as DBEs. Companies without an automatic qualification must meet financial, size, and valuation standards to qualify for federal projects as a DBE. It is precisely these smaller, diverse entities that the IIJA intends to help by ensuring they have access to the same federal resources as their larger competitors that don’t face similar size or ethnicity challenges.

In addition to focusing on DBEs, the IIJA is also invested in improving the conditions in disadvantaged communities, those locales where residents struggle to maintain their health, have limited or no transportation options, and few meaningful employment opportunities. The federal funds will now enhance California’s Active Transportation Program (ATP), which expands transportation options to include those that provide health benefits, such as walking or bike riding. In many California locations, especially those in disadvantaged communities, there are no facilities for these types of transport, so building out that infrastructure is as critical to the project’s success as it is to get those residents moving.

 

Jobs Emerging with IIJA Funds

California’s vision for its IIJA allocation encompasses many new avenues of opportunity within foundational systems, so it’s a true boon for those seeking new work or a career in a new field. The word ‘infrastructure‘ itself encompasses virtually all the systems and services that facilitate a social organization’s functionality, and Newsom’s strategy attempts to inject resources across that full-service spectrum. The project expects to train and employ thousands of workers to achieve its goals, so many jobs are opening now, and many more will come over the next five to ten years.

Where Will Those Jobs Be?

A quick view of the allocation of IIJA dollars reveals precisely where the money will go in California and for what purpose. To assess and structure the deployment of the financial input, the federal government presumes that $1 billion invested funds 13,000 jobs, so reviewing the allocation strategy reveals the industries and sub-industries that will grow their workforce because of the IIJA:

Rebuilding the State’s transportation system is the most significant investment, and that overarching focus will generate thousands of jobs. Doing the math suggests that the $67.5 billion in road and bridge repairs alone would support a new workforce of over 870,000 employees.

Enhancing the transportation system is also in the works in the form of electric vehicles (EVs). While the IIJA anticipates a national network of EV charging stations, California can seek up to $3 billion to build out that system within its borders. Those funds would hire up to 39,000 workers.

The State is also considering another $100 million (1,300 jobs) to build out its broadband networks. The COVID pandemic revealed the challenges caused when people have no reliable form of communication; over half a million residents currently have no access to internet services. Additionally, the IIJA comes with an Affordability Connectivity Benefit that will reduce the cost of Internet access for over 10 million ‘modest means’ Californians.

Climate change is a central issue in the IIJA and California’s infrastructure strategy. Almost $140 million (1,800 jobs) will be spent on fire prevention, and another $3.5 billion (45,000 jobs) will fund weatherization projects across the State.

Clean water matters, too, and legacy lead pipes threaten the health of thousands of Californians. The IIJA provides $3.5 billion (45,000 jobs) to fund repairs and replacements to the water system’s infrastructure.

Air travel has evolved well beyond the capacity of many of California’s airports. With the IIJA’s $1.5 billion (19,000 jobs) contribution, many of the State’s air terminals will be updated and made safer.

The IIJA intends to rebuild and upgrade the nation’s infrastructure. California’s state-based investments combined with IIJA funds will have a decided impact on the safety and security of its infrastructure, and the workforce that grows as a result of that effort will have an equally significant impact on its economy. It’s a win-win-win all around.

 

AI in College: A Tool Without Training

Pam Sornson, JD on May 3, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

May 7, 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is permeating every corner of society and has been for a few years. That reality is driving demand for AI technicians and programmers in almost all industries. Unfortunately, while the use of AI is accelerating, the development of a well-trained AI technical workforce is lagging far behind, and companies are clamoring for workers who can help them achieve their AI goals. In many regions, including California, the local community colleges are often seen as ground zero for the generation of new educational paths to AI comprehension and mastery.

 

‘Use’ Does Not Equal ‘Understanding’

For many AI users, early engagement with the advanced technology didn’t even register as an event. As organizations embraced and embedded into their services the cost savings of chatbots for customer service and robots for manufacturing, their consuming public was left out of that adoption information loop. Instead, those customers and colleagues simply continued to engage with the entity, unaware that they were now working with a digital program and equally unaware of the technological advances being made behind the scenes.

That reality reveals the challenge that many enterprises are dealing with today: using the technology is – at least for the moment – infinitely easier than introducing it to existing systems and workflows. AI’s architecture is different from traditional computer programs and apps and, in many cases, renders those legacy activities obsolete. Consequently, many company owners, agencies, and organizations are seeking resources to assist them in designing and implementing new AI systems into their existing infrastructures and then maintaining those capacities over time. In short, they are looking for an AI-savvy workforce that does not yet exist.

 

New Programs Require New Practices

America’s higher education system also faces a shortage of AI instruction courses. While many schools currently use the technology in at least some of their departments and divisions, there are very few training opportunities available to ensure new users can master and optimize their use of the latest digital tools. One researcher clarified the extent to which both K-12 and higher education schools use AI now and provide training for it:

Only one in four survey respondents acknowledge that their school has put intentional limits on the use of AI (specifically ‘generative’ AI) by its educators and staff. Eighteen percent (18%) report that their school is working to identify appropriate use cases for AI applications, while 5% say its workforce can use the software for limited purposes. Two percent (2%) report that their institution bans the use of the technology by teachers and staff altogether.

Of those schools that have adopted the tech, more than one in three (37%) reported that they didn’t know how it was being used on campus. Less than a third could articulate how it was being implemented at their schools:

Teaching respondents were using AI to plan lessons (34%), create assignments (30%), create course content (29%), and design coursework (18%).

One in five administrators (20%) use AI to automate or streamline routine activities.

Perhaps most notably, almost one in three respondents (32%) reported that their school wasn’t offering any AI training or, if it was, they didn’t know about it. Further, while 46% of responding schools were offering AI training to their students, only 37% were providing training for their educators, and 27% were providing training for their staff.

The survey results indicate that learners, teachers, and administrators are using AI more frequently in America’s school systems, even though they’ve not been trained on how to implement or manage it. Without that knowledge or skill set, users – and their schools – risk making errors they do not understand that can cause consequences they can’t anticipate.

 

New Practices Require New Skills

At the same time, across the country, few educational resources are available that provide credentialed AI design and development training. Rather than develop such a program designed to teach AI theory, design, and practice, most schools are simply adopting the AI programming already available through today’s immense digital platforms. And while most standardized AI systems function well for their purpose, they are not designed to address the needs and demands of specific user groups or populations. Instead, what is needed are the introductory and foundational AI courses that generate the AI-based knowledge, comprehension and skill sets that are now so highly in demand.

Two large digital platforms have been actively engaged with schools to develop specialized, AI-focused courses and programs designed to meet both academic and industry standards.

The first ‘official’ AI degree, an associate degree in machine learning and AI, was launched in 2020 through a partnership between Arizona’s Maricopa Community College and the  Intel Corporation. Intel adapted its European ‘AI for Youth‘ syllabus as per the specific needs of those community colleges, assisted in training staff and faculty, and was instrumental in its adoption by the schools.

Amazon’s AWS is also actively engaging with academia to both advance AI resources in higher education and overcome inequities found in those systems. Its Machine Learning University has been launched in several minority-serving institutions (MSIs), community colleges, and historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) to teach database, machine learning (ML), and AI concepts. The first step in its training program is to educate the educators on the science behind and practices involved in artificial intelligence programming.

At present, California’s UC and CSU systems offer only a few master’s degrees related to AI development; there are no associate or bachelor’s degree paths at present within the state.

 

AI has erupted into the general public’s consciousness without the slow and measured ‘introduction-education-implementation’ process that typically precedes a whole-community transition from one system to the next. However, the speed at which the tech has been adopted has also eroded the opportunity to ensure appropriate and ethical use of the new digital assets. Further, the unique skills and digital insights needed to design an AI infrastructure are complex and must be mastered if the newly generated system is to replace legacy technology while maintaining or enhancing productivity.

AI in College: The Advent of AI Education

Pam Sornson, JD on May 3, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

May 7, 2024

Yes, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is everywhere these days, sometimes visible, most times not. Learning that it is ‘out there’ and in use is one thing; most people can now discern when they’re interacting with a robot, and they probably recognize that many of the appliances they use are built by robots in factories.

However, to ensure a full embrace of the burgeoning digital opportunity, those same people must learn a whole new bag of computing tricks, as do the systems with which they work. The challenge they face is that there is a woeful lack of training available that teaches anyone the basics of AI (how it works, how to set it up, how to manage it), let alone goes further to teach how to use it in commercial settings to enhance profitability and efficiency. Detecting, containing, and recovering from fraudulent AI applications is another educational avenue that is yet to be built. Developing a workforce capable of meeting these emerging demands is the next frontier in public education at all levels.

Fortunately, America’s community colleges are taking on the exercise of teaching the masses about AI’s benefits and threats. In California, these higher education schools are gearing up their resources to become the AI training centers of the future, which is, in this case, tomorrow.

 

AI Training – Sooner is Better than Later

Perhaps the biggest challenge involved in developing a comprehensive AI curriculum is that there are few readily accessible guidelines or parameters on how to do that. The adoption of the technology has been swift, growing much faster than the adjunct education resources needed to train users on its safe deployment or management. That education gap is one reason why it poses as much threat as it does benefit:

AI is already enhancing criminal activities (deepfakes, phishing, and malware, to name just three), and its potential for illicit use is as great as it is for positive advancements.

In February, the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) made AI-generated, automated ‘robocalls’ illegal because of their capacity to extort money from unsuspecting consumers.

Its unfettered use in public systems presents an immense problem. Already embedded in financial services, public safety, and infrastructure systems, AI programming poses threats to national and global power grids, logistics networks, and military strategies if utilized for nefarious purposes.

So far, only the European Union has introduced AI standards (EU AI) that are directed (like its General Data Protection Regulation – the GDPR) at ensuring the technology remains safe and trustworthy. America’s government leaders have yet to publish a formal or unified set of standards similar to those of the EU (although many government agencies are working on their own AI concerns), and no entity has yet established an educational approach to AI usage that comprehensively encompasses all of its aspects and opportunities. There are, however, schools around the country that have been working on this issue for some time and have insights to offer anyone investing in building a college-level program for AI programming.

 

Embracing AI Foundations

Community colleges in Arizona, Texas, and Florida have recently unveiled their AI courses for both associate and bachelor’s degrees, which they revealed at the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) annual convention in April. Maricopa Community College was the first school to launch an associate certification in AI and machine learning (ML) in 2020, with the help of Intel Corporation. Intel adapted its European-based “AI for Youth” program to suit the needs of an American community college, and it was that foundation that gave rise to the new educational opportunity.

The AACC conference also provided a platform for schools and AI experts to collaborate on what AI training could look like and, perhaps more importantly, what not to do when developing such a program.

DO reach out to AI industry leaders, such as Intel, Microsoft (which is already working with the Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD)), and Amazon (which developed its Machine Learning University—MLU—specifically for community colleges).

DO look to local companies and businesses as collaborators for training specifics. They, too, are facing the AI juggernaut and need a workforce resource to help them master the new capacities.

DON’T stay focused on budget. Yes, the needed updates and upgrades will come with added costs; however, the long game suggests that the investments will result in improved processes across all college sectors and, especially, in the local economies.

DON’T leave faculty training out of the mix. Too many schools focus on training students but miss the opportunity to upskill their in-house teachers and faculty members.

One of the most important notes developed during the AACC discussion: be aware of adult learners. Thousands of well-employed workers and professionals need AI upskilling, too, not just the typical community college youth population. Serving these groups will require modifying course times, adding online options, and flexibility in program parameters.

 

California’s Higher Education AI Initiatives

California’s community colleges are also focused on AI developments within their spheres of influence. The California Community College Chancellor’s Office (CCCCO) is working with leaders across the state to understand the scope of the programming and how it already impacts each school. In addition to ensuring the software provides educational benefits (individualized learning options and enhanced research and creativity opportunities), schools are also concerned about reducing the potential for academic dishonesty, which erodes the quality of any education.

Introducing new AI-focused programs into the California Community College system requires a formal adoption of the ‘discipline’ by the organization’s Academic Senate (ASCCC). In late September 2023, that entity received a formal “Revisions to Disciplines List Form” submission to add “Artificial Intelligence” as a new discipline in higher education. The submission lays out the need for such a revision:

The submission form notes that there are only six Master’s in AI and ML degrees available in the UC (Santa Cruz, Los Angeles, and Riverside) and CSU (SanFrancisco, San Jose, and Los Angeles) systems, but no bachelor’s or associate’s degrees are offered anywhere.

There is currently an ‘undersupply’ of AI workers across the state. There is a projected gap of over 20,000 AI-focused workers annually in the Bay area alone.

Ten letters of support accompanied the submission, issued by one California State University (San Jose), five community colleges (Santa Ana, Mission, Evergreen, San Mateo, and Folsom), three industry partners (Intel Corp., Amazon Web Services, and Sustainable Living Lab), as well as personal endorsements from the North and Far North Regional Consortiums.

With demand for AI-trained workers rising in all sectors, a well-thought-out educational program to build that workforce is needed.

Despite its prevalence in so many of life’s arenas already, AI remains an unmanaged, misunderstood resource that can cause significant harm and also great good. It is critical that communities invest in building the educational resources needed to control it and optimize its use for appropriate purposes. It’s gratifying to see how America’s schools and businesses are partnering to provide their communities with that resource.

AI in Education: From Peril to Promise

Pam Sornson, JD on April 15, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

April 16, 2024

One unexpected benefit arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic is the global embrace of technology to further goals and improve systems. During its acute phase – after the identification of the coronavirus and before comprehensive vaccination strategies reduced its lethality – many businesses and even whole industries adapted their internal processes and external outreach to accommodate responsive digital resources. The world’s education systems were leaders in these endeavors, and many schools were able to maintain (although not fully match or achieve) presumed educational trajectories despite the virus’s many interruptions and disruptions.

To a certain extent, the uncomfortable experience of transitioning from classroom to computer teaching and learning introduced many teachers, students, and institutions to the values and benefits of digital educational tools. The new ‘digitally enhanced’ educational processes offered ways to improve courses and programs while also giving learners more tools with which to – well – learn.

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology gains ever more educational territory as a valued asset for both sides of the teaching process, each can benefit from its expansive capacities, just as they did as they transitioned from a campus-based educational platform to a virtual or hybrid one.

 

From Chaos to Creativity

While it seems that AI has just recently burst onto the global stage, it’s actually been working behind the scenes for many years. However, the more recent advent of Generative AI as a consumer-directed tool has stirred a global frenzy, as programs like ChatGPT offer their users unique and never-before-seen production and creativity options.

The higher education community has been particularly interested in AI, looking at how it can enhance their efforts and those of their students and stakeholders. They’re also very cognizant of the potential threat the programming presents to their systems and tried-and-true practices. Accordingly, schools across the country have been evaluating the presence of AI on their campuses and making decisions based on how it’s currently deployed and how they can better master its resources going forward.

 

Early Adoptions

According to a 2023 survey by EDUCAUSE, a non-profit organization dedicated to evaluating the use of data and technology to ‘further the promise of higher education,’ the higher ed community is now busy exploring how the technology is used, can be used, and should be used. Survey responses indicate that while most schools (76%) are tuning their current AI efforts to improve the student experience, many are also exploring how to implement AI capacities into other educational processes.

As a Strategic Planning Tool:

As a strategic planning tool, AI is now almost ubiquitous on higher ed campuses, with a full 89% reporting that their institution is actively using it to plan its next steps. Schools are concerned about maintaining an ‘AI status quo’ with their students who have already adopted the technology. They’re also unnerved by the potential for inappropriate use that practice might entail. They do, however, embrace it as a strong supplement to their student services capacities. Many have already begun operationalization of AI goals by implementing training classes for faculty (56%), staff (49%), and students (39%).

As a Leadership Tool:

In general, most higher ed leaders’ opinions about AI mirror those of the general public; they are ‘cautiously optimistic’ about its successful implementation as a school-wide asset. More than half (56%) are now actively engaging with AI within their roles, and most believe that almost all functional elements of their administrations have or will have responsibilities to adopt and manage AI strategies within their sectors.

Survey responses also indicate more work needs to be done. Many leaders report being unaware of what others are doing regarding AI adoption, both on their campus and around their region. Institutional silos may be the cause of the gaps.

As an Impact on the Institution:

Almost across the board, AI processing is changing how schools go about their business:

Teaching:

Almost all respondents (95%) reported that AI is already having a notable impact on teaching and learning, indicating that both instructors and students are seeing evidence of the technology in many of their classroom activities.

More than three in four (78%) respondents acknowledged that technology ‘has impacted academic integrity.‘ Teachers have begun questioning whether some of the work submitted by their students is authentic and original because the text does not conform to the learner’s typical writing style and proficiency.

 

Continuing Concerns

Schools are also recognizing and experiencing the challenges AI presents, especially regarding information security.

Four in five (79%) respondents are concerned about the impact of AI on cybersecurity systems, while 72% see its threat to data privacy.

Three in four (74%) are concerned that inappropriate AI usage may violate federal regulatory compliance, while more than half (56%) share similar concerns regarding local compliances and ethical data governance practices.

More than half (52%) report concerns about AI and its capacity to amplify the embedded biases that exist in current databases.

Many also reported the misuse of the technology, noting papers submitted that clearly hadn’t had human oversight in their creation and had not disclosed their AI origin or resource.

 

Overall, the survey reveals that AI is swiftly entering the higher education sector as both a supportive tool (for teaching, learning, and strategy) and a threat (impacting data privacy, integrity, and security). Responses present a mixed picture of its impact on higher education institutions. Gains are being made in school productivity and student connections, while concerns remain regarding the technology’s capacity to erode academic integrity and information, institutional, and personal security systems. And notably, despite its growing presence on campus, only a few respondents (11%) had seen new AI-related jobs emerge or existing jobs be modified (14%) to reflect the technological advances.

Just as the pandemic rolled unimpeded over the world, AI is spreading – mostly uncontrolled – into all corners of society. Like all industries, the higher education sector must also expend the resources needed to harness its promise and quell its threat if it wants the technology to enhance its future and that of its stakeholders.

AI in Education: Addressing Obstacles to Open Opportunities

Pam Sornson, JD on April 15, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

April 16, 2024

Perhaps the most prominent concern raised by the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) is the potential threat of ‘technological unemployment.’ The issue stems from the very real possibility that emerging digital resources have the capacity to eliminate jobs currently held by humans. The work would be transferred to robots, automated machines that are capable of performing the activities faster, more efficiently, and more profitably. Both employers and industries are interested in exploring any labor-related option that promises to increase productivity without also unnecessarily increasing expenses. That reality is driving the current uptick in AI technology investments, especially in the healthcare, finance, energy, and agriculture industries. Workers in almost all sectors are rightfully concerned that their occupation might be one that becomes obsolete due to the adoption of technological tools.

However, many economic experts do not believe that GAI will cause widespread job layoffs and high, sustained unemployment. Instead, they posit that the newly embraced digital agency will trigger the development and growth of as-yet unidentified occupations and industries, which has been the trajectory of the global workforce through each of the past three ‘industrial revolutions.’ Their premise is that the future looks different – not worse – because of GAI and that the community has the tools in place to ensure that the changes triggered by GAI bring positive economic development, not certain financial ruin for millions of workers.

 

AI as a Workforce Disruptor

The phrase ‘technological unemployment’ certainly triggers fears in today’s technically fraught digital society, even though it isn’t a recent statement. Economist John Maynard Keynes first used it in 1933 while lamenting the fact that ‘economizing the use of labor’ (through the adoption of steam and mechanically produced power sources) had reduced the need for human effort without, at the same time, providing an alternative occupation for the displaced workers. His concern remains valid, as workers in all industries – and at all levels of industry – assess whether their workplace activities are susceptible to digital automation. At this stage of the ‘4th Industrial Revolution,’ it seems like no job or position is off limits to a potential AI intervention.

One industry professional is actively researching which industries or sectors are most susceptible to experiencing technological unemployment based on the types of jobs they typically offer. Cameron Sublett, the director of the Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Department at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, has been researching the potential impact of AI on education, particularly Career & Technical Education (CTE).

His analysis indicates that occupations that involve research, thinking, and analysis are not good candidates for an AI-driven replacement. These jobs require higher levels of education (bachelor’s degrees and beyond) and the mastery of transferable skills like critical thinking, creativity, etc. The skills are transferable because they can be deployed in many occupations and settings.

Alternatively, sectors most vulnerable to an AI takeover are those that demand technical skills, which require specialized knowledge of specific machines or processes. In many cases, technical skills are easily replaceable by AI and machines because they command little or no ‘thinking’ to complete.

Sublett then applied his assessment to the 16 Career Clusters outlined in the National Career Clusters® Framework to determine which careers (and therefore which training programs) will be most impacted by the adoption of the emerging ‘AI workforce.’ Reviewing that data through an educational achievement lens (high school diploma, associate degree, and bachelor’s degree), he identified which career clusters are more likely to see AI interventions sooner rather than later:

Those clusters with high numbers of high school graduates as workers are the most vulnerable to technological unemployment. Their jobs are typically rote and mechanical, making them easier to automate. These industries include architecture and construction, hospitality and tourism, manufacturing, and transportation.

Those clusters most reliant on transferable skills are least likely to see an influx of machines because they rely on human creativity and ingenuity to thrive. These industries include business management, health services, human services, and legal services.

Across all clusters, higher levels of education apparently act as barriers (or at least hurdles) to the automation threat, at least for now.

Based on his data, Sublett suggests that today’s CTE courses and programs can do a better job of integrating transferable skills into technical training. He posits that well-trained CTE graduates should be better prepared for automation than their BA or MA counterparts because their certification programs can more easily integrate the two skill sets into current training programs. Recently expanded funding for CTE programs can help move that integration process forward.

 

AI as an Education Enhancer

Sublett isn’t alone in his assessment that current CTE training programs can be modified to embrace the power and opportunities of AI and GAI. The World Economic Forum (WEF) is also advocating for changes in traditional technical educational programs to embrace AI and all its opportunities.

The WEF sees promise in AI’s capacity to not just help learners learn but also to help teachers teach. The organization notes that finding a solution is not the only aspect of a complete project; clearly and accurately defining the problem is also a critical element of project success. It supports a new learning method, the PAIR Framework (problem, AI, interaction, reflection) that guides users through the AI assessment process by assisting them to:

formulate the problem,

explore and find the most relevant AI tools,

interact with both AI tools and relevant facts, and

reflect on the process, their conclusions, and their experiences with the technology.

The framework provides a strategy for familiarizing users with AI’s capabilities and then assessing its effectiveness before determining whether the digital assistance was beneficial to their project. The framework also gives new AI users the skills needed to develop and utilize transferable skills, a skill set itself that can be applied to any training program or occupation.

For teachers, AI also expands the capacity to reach every student with lessons and plans personalized for the individual. Using an AI resource, the teacher can modify course materials to match the needs of the specific student and then use it again to assess how well the learner is mastering the work. As a teaching tool, AI has the capacity to effectively respond to teacher shortages and educator burnout by vastly expanding the reach and scope of every class and program to meet the needs of all learners.

 

Despite the potential it poses to upend much of the world’s workforce, emerging research suggests that AI might instead provide more people with better skills and more opportunities to improve their economic situation. Schools that add AI training to their existing programs will expand their students’ capacities beyond the risk of technological unemployment.

AI in Industry: An Evolution in Progress

Pam Sornson, JD on March 29, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

April 2, 2024

A recent Deloitte survey of over 2800 corporate directors and C-Suite leaders reveals that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is making significant inroads into the workings of thousands of national and global enterprises. Representatives from six industries and 16 countries offered their insights and experiences about how their organizations are using the technology. Their observations illustrate AI’s broad reach and deep impact on their company, community, and industry.

 

Adoption Across the Industrial Board …

Just one reason why AI—and more specifically ‘generative‘ AI—has been embraced as swiftly as it has is its capacity to solve enterprise-focused challenges that had previously been difficult or impossible to manage. Access to almost infinite levels of data gathered across multiple databases facilitates a more comprehensive analysis of an issue than has ever before been available. Business leaders are seeing that potential and turning to the tech to gain insights and guidance they previously could not find. There are opportunities for AI-empowered actions in almost every industry, as is demonstrated by a recent report on the burgeoning number of AI use cases:

Retail

Retail organizations are using AI to provide several services that are critical to their success.

‘Bots’ now respond to a high percentage of customer service calls, directing callers to the department best suited for their inquiry.

The tech is also enhancing the shopper’s experience by providing more detailed and appropriate suggestions based on their input and history.

Logistics and Travel

Businesses that provide transport or cater to travelers are also embracing AI as a service-enhancing tool:

AI engines can find more and better transport options, whether for an individual heading across the state or a shipment of goods moving across oceans.

AI programs and embedded sensors combine to provide minute-to-minute oversight of supply chain products, from the moment they enter the production cycle through to their delivery to their ultimate user. Tracing the passage of goods through service centers and across international borders has never been easier.

The software also informs systems developers of potential bottlenecks that can threaten delivery times early enough to prevent that gaff from occurring.

Financial Services

‘Money’ isn’t always cash these days, and AI is assisting billions of people to access the financial resources they seek, regardless of the currency they’re using or the purchases they’re making.

Banks are streamlining their offerings to accommodate their increasingly tech-savvy financial customers, often providing personalized planning tools designed for the unique person or entity in question.

Insurance companies are using AI to evaluate claim data, establish legitimate claims, and uncover potential or actual fraud cases. They’re also streamlining their policies to better reflect actual risk levels based on AI-enabled risk assessment capabilities.

Energy

Both traditional and emerging energy resources are fine-tuning their activities based on insights gleaned from AI programming.

Traditional energy providers use the technology to improve efficiencies within their plants and systems, often by automating services and using sensors to track metrics, performance, maintenance, and other relevant elements.

They’re also using AI to facilitate and track the growing inputs of renewable resources into the nation’s power grid.

Healthcare

The healthcare services spectrum is perhaps the most invested in AI.

AI is proving invaluable as a tool to streamline administrative systems to make them more efficient and effective.

It is also connecting medical teams with emerging data that is relevant to their shared patient. With each specialist and team having virtually instant access to developing healthcare needs, the patient can receive the best possible care for their particular condition regardless of whose office they happen to be in.

The pharmaceutical industry is also using AI to improve its services to the healthcare industry. Automated software eases data collection and analysis of the enrollment in and the running of clinical trials, ensuring their proper execution according to industry standards. The resulting information informs drug developers of needs, threats, and other relevant factors impacting the future of a potential medicine or therapy.

Even in its current, relatively raw, and unregulated state, the use of AI is gaining significant ground in almost all industries to perform an ever-growing list of services and occupations.

 

… For an Almost Unlimited Number of Purposes

While its popularity for automation implementation and control continues to grow, many companies report using their AI resources for one or more of three specific functions. The Deloitte report notes that most early AI adopters focused their investments on improving corporate efficiencies, increasing productivity, and reducing costs. Of those survey respondents:

56% reported that their AI investments were making their organization more efficient, while

35% reported their costs had shrunk because of the technology.

Almost one in three (29%) reported they experienced enhanced product values and services as a result of their AI implementation.

Other surveys show that companies are using the technology to perform a myriad of services beyond achieving better efficiency or reducing costs:

AI programming can oversee the inner workings of almost any digital system, so its capacity to optimize website reliability and uptime for example is unmatched. The AI overlay can detect potential site or data disruptions before they cause problems, and its monitoring capacity ensures that all elements of the organization remain in sync with corporate goals and initiatives.

AI’s predictive maintenance capability is saving companies money, too. GE and Rolls-Royce, for example, are using it to analyze aircraft engine performance to both catch wear-and-tear issues before they become failures, as well as to track exhaust metrics and other relevant environmental concerns typically found in the aeronautics field.

Workforce optimization is another industry aspect being transformed by the technology. To both enhance productivity and reduce costs, many companies are using AI to manage workforce scheduling duties by incorporating into the analysis factors such as employee availability, worker skill sets per project, and customer traffic. Small and big organizations, including Target®, Costco®, and Starbucks®, use AI to ensure they are optimizing their workforce metrics as well as keeping their customers happy.

 

While still a relatively new resource, both the current capacity and future promise of AI as a business tool can’t be underestimated. It offers unmatched opportunities for growth and, when used properly and safely, may solve some of the world’s most intractable problems.

 

AI Adoption in America: What, Where, and Why

Pam Sornson, JD on March 29, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

April 2, 2024

A recent Burning Glass Institute report (BGI) analyzed which U.S. regions were most prepared to embrace Artificial Intelligence (AI) as an economic development tool, which many consider to be an indicator of future economic growth. Yes, almost every region of the country would benefit from utilizing the more sophisticated technological base, but most have not yet invested in the foundational infrastructure to support that digital evolution.

The BGI analysts compared the occurrence of legacy tech skills versus AI-based skills – what BGI calls ‘Frontier Skills” – in communities across the country to determine which geographical area would see the most AI-driven expansion, both in its workforce and its economy. Their findings were sometimes surprising:

Not all digital skill sets are the same;

Industries evolve differently depending on their location and local resources, and

Not all industries lend themselves to an early or comprehensive adoption of the still unpolished computing opportunity.

While AI resources are advancing across all regions, only a few are truly prepared to maximize the opportunities it presents right now.

 

What Needs Doing: Legacy Expertise versus AI Frontier Skills

Fundamentally, AI and legacy skills match at the most basic level. Every digital tool – AI or otherwise – needs to be:

programmed for launch and then reprogrammed over time as needs evolve;

continuously managed to ensure full functionality, and

secured to ensure no inappropriate intrusions or actions can threaten its performance.

Companies using technology in any capacity typically have an IT department to manage these functions and maintain their productivity and safety. Further, as digital technology permeates more elements of the industrial complex, there will always be demand for these types of skills.

AI programming, however, requires a different set of skills over and above those fundamental actions. In addition to simply reliably running its program, AI software also adds services not found in non-AI tech:

Machine Learning incorporates neural networks, a foundational database structure modeled on the workings of the human brain, to facilitate ‘deep learning’ programming that can ‘read’ disparate data types like images, audio, and text to discern insights and make predictions. The neural network exchanges data across its nodes to ‘learn’ from other information caches, find and fix mistakes, and improve its functionality without additional human intervention. Over one-third of patent submissions in the past ten years contain a ‘machine learning’ (ML) capacity, indicating its popularity as a digital business tool.

Computer vision is another AI-related technology that requires upskilled tech training. Computer vision facilitates the software’s capacity to ‘see’ the data it’s aimed at and derive and act on the information gleaned from those sources. This AI technology collects images of environmental elements using cameras, sensors, and algorithms. It then identifies factors that indicate locations, threats, and other relevant elements to inform the AI system’s ‘decisions.’ This technology is a critical element of a ‘self-driving’ vehicle.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is also an AI component. It can be ‘rule-based’ (driven by programming specific to the entity) or ML-based (driven by both rules and the results of countless inquiries and searches). NLP seeks to understand the meaning of text and voice inputs so it can respond to both written and oral data. Its use in ‘chatbots,’ robots programmed to respond to written inquiries, and ‘digital assistants,’ like Alexa and Siri, has revolutionized how many people use their digital devices.

The demand for AI-specific programmers is large and growing, with one in three companies saying they can’t move forward with AI adoption because they lack the technically skilled workforce needed to do so. However, those current programmers with computer science degrees and a mastery of logic, reasoning, and problem-solving can attain AI skills by pursuing degrees within that specific field, assuming they can find a school that offers the training. They’d be well advised to take that path: companies that have already implemented their AI strategy are reporting their intentions to increase their investments – and consequently, their Frontier Skilled workforce – in 2024 and beyond.

 

Where AI Skills Are Most Concentrated

The BGI report analyzes Frontier Skills capacities in metro areas based on the size of the community, with large ‘metropolitan statistical areas’ (MSAs) comprising cities with 25,000+ tech workers, medium-sized MSAs with tech workforces numbering between 5,000 and 25,000, and small MSAs that are home to 5,000 or fewer tech workers.

Not surprisingly, those regions and urban metropolises that have already invested in tech- and data-enabled economies are leading the country in their AI adoption processes, although in many cases, the capacity for local industries to embrace AI also impacts its adoption rate.

Three large MSAs – Seattle (first), San Jose (second), and San Francisco (third) – lead the country in Frontier Skills concentrations due to their underlying foundations of ‘technology’ as an industry in and of itself. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim ranks 8th on this list.

Given their histories as ‘tech-heavy’ economies, San Diego, Austin, Boston, and New York are also high on the list of large MSA early adopters.

Notably, while the Washington D.C. MSA is home to one of the largest tech-based workforces in the country, its industries are mainly defense and government contracting, which are typically based on legacy technology. Of the 27 large-sized MSAs identified by the BGI, Washington D.C. ranked 21st, behind less obvious contenders Detroit (18th), Kansas City (19th), and Philadelphia (17th).

Utah’s burgeoning ‘Silicon Slopes’—Provo-Orem (1st), Ogden-Clearfield (10th), and Salt Lake City (3rd)—have propelled the region to the top of the mid-sized MSA category.

Surprisingly, Fayetteville-Springfield-Rogers Arkansas is number 2 on the mid-sized MSA list due mainly to the tech-forward presence of Walmart. Walmart has been investing in advanced technologies for years, so its early adoption of AI is not unexpected.

MSAs actively growing in population are not also enlarging their Frontier Skilled workforce. Miami, Houston, and Dallas lag in the bottom half of the large MSA list, at 14th, 26th, and 22nd, respectively, primarily because they’ve not yet developed a dedicated, tech-focused workforce.

Overall, across the four geographical regions—West, Midwest, Northeast, and South—the West’s workforce dominates the country with its Frontier Skills concentrations, while the South lags behind the rest of the nation.

 

The BGI document reveals how America is managing the deluge of AI-enabled business opportunities now flooding its databases. Organizations intent on building their AI-fueled “Frontier Skilled” workforce can look to the successes being had in the various regions to ensure their AI adoption strategy is one that promises similar rewards.

 

AI in America: What’s Happening Here

Pam Sornson, JD on March 15, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

March 19, 2024

The United States, as a nation and along with several of its states, is pursuing its goals of legislating governance mandates over the use of artificial intelligence within its jurisdictions. Appropriately concerned about the threats posed by the technology, as well as enthused by its benefits and opportunities, political leaders are seeking to gain some form of control over the as-yet unregulated digital capacity before it becomes too deeply embedded in society in its present ‘wild west’ state.

 

Personal Problem. National Challenge.

The demand for AI regulation grows daily as more individuals experience fraud and loss caused by nefarious AI operatives. The increase in fraud attempts is growing exponentially as the technology infiltrates unregulated – and therefore unprotected – corporate databanks. Messages sent through all channels now mimic the authentic ones sent by trusted merchants and service providers, confusing and misleading their recipients.

Federal agencies are very aware of the challenge: “Fraudsters are using AI tools to impersonate individuals with eerie precision and at a much wider scale. With voice cloning and other AI-driven scams on the rise, protecting Americans from impersonator fraud is more critical than ever,” said FTC Chair Lina M. Khan. The FTC (Federal Trade Commission) has already finalized a rule prohibiting the impersonation of businesses and government offices; it’s now working on a similar regulation banning the impersonation of people.

The FTC’s action is just one avenue America is pursuing in its quest to gain control over rampant AI interferences within its territories. In fact, the nation launched its official AI management strategy in 2019 when the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released its Plan for Federal AI Standards Engagement. Back then, the main goal was to provide guidance for setting priorities and levels of government oversight into future AI developments to “speed the pace of reliable, robust, and trustworthy AI technology development.” Fast forward four years, and the new goal set includes stopping the overwhelming influx of unwanted AI programming while harnessing its emerging technological capacities to improve national fortunes.

 

Interim Steps

In the intervening years, the United States has made progress in its effort to manage AI resources:

In May 2021, NIST developed its AI Standards Coordination Working Group (AISCWG) to “facilitate the coordination of federal government agency activities related to the development and use of AI standards, and to develop recommendations relating to AI standards [for] the Interagency Committee on Standards Policy (ICSP) as appropriate.”

Also in 2021, the National Defense Authorization Action of 2021 (NDAA) specifically authorized NIST to develop AI parameters for the Department of Defense, Department of Energy national security programs, Department of State, and the Intelligence Community. President Biden signed the ‘action’ into law in December 2023.

The National Science Foundation now offers grants in support of AI research and development aimed at ensuring access to reliable and trusted technology. From this source have arisen the National Artificial Intelligence Research Institutes, which enlist public and private entities to collaborate on potential responses to AI evolutions, both positive and negative.

The U.S. Department of State is busy working with international organizations and governments to integrate wide-ranging AI regulatory efforts into a cohesive whole. The agency strongly supported the principles developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is also a member of the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence, which is housed in the OEDC and works to connect the theories underlying AI programming and the practices that emerge in its development.

Progress by these agencies continues to be made.

 

Widespread Federal Efforts

Today, numerous federal agencies are engaged in AI research and development to improve processes, reduce risk and loss, and enhance their capacity to serve their constituents. The national General Accounting Office (GAO) monitors those activities and acts as an overseer of anything that affects the country as a whole, including AI initiatives. The GAO has developed an AI Accountability Framework that guides individual agencies in their AI efforts regarding data management, information monitoring, systems governance, and entity performance. From the federal point of view, AI programming emerging from these departments must be responsible, reliable, equitable, traceable, and governable. The framework guides each agency as it initiates its AI systems to ensure they’re compatible with those mandate standards.

The GAO also tracks those efforts and reports on their progress, and its recent December 2023 report reveals strides being made – and steps to be taken:

Twenty of 23 agencies reported current or expected AI ‘use cases’ where AI would be used to resolve an issue or problem. Of those, NASA and the Departments of Commerce and Energy have found the most number of situations where AI will help national efforts (390, 285, and 117, respectively). More than 1,000 possible options have been surfaced across the government.

There were only 200 or so instances of AI in practice as of 2022, while more than 500 were in the planning phase.

Ten of the 23 agencies had fully implemented all the AI standards mandated for their agency, while 12 had made progress but had not completed those tasks. The Department of Defense was exempted from this review because it was issued other AI mandates to follow.

The GAO report also provides recommendations for 19 of the 23 agencies, which include next steps into 2024 and beyond. For the most part, these recommendations focus on ensuring that organizations downstream from their national overseer (including federal, state, and regional agencies) have the guidance and standards they need to provide appropriate AI implementation within their area. Some of those recommendations include adding AI-dedicated personnel, enhancing AI-capable technologies, and ensuring a labor force that is well-versed in AI operations.

Individual states are also developing AI management resources, although those are focused on in-state needs and opportunities. The White House has devised a new Bill of Rights for AI, and newly proposed federal regulations will impact both the focus and the trajectory of AI activities in the years to come.

 

Artificial Intelligence has arrived, and its influence continues to grow. Gaining control over that growth will allow it to enhance the lives of all of humanity. The United States government is dedicated to embracing its control of AI because failing to master it for appropriate purposes poses potentially existential threats to the entire planet.

 

 

 

AI Regulation: The Current State of International Affairs

Pam Sornson, JD on March 15, 2024

Pam Sornson, JD

March 19, 2024

It is a decided understatement to say that there are legitimate concerns about entities using Artificial Intelligence (AI) for nefarious purposes. The opportunities for its misuse are significant, considering its capacity to generate documents, images, and sounds that present as 100% authentic and true.

Accordingly, leaders across most community sectors are discussing and developing rule sets designed to govern the use of the technology. Once those rules are established and embraced, the development and adoption of correlating enforcement strategies and standards will keep the world safe from the misuse of this unprecedented computing capability. At least, that’s the plan …

 

AI Governance Drivers

Governments, industrial leaders, and technology experts all agree that the threats posed by AI are immense.

In July 2023, United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres warned the world that unchecked AI resources could “cause horrific levels of death and destruction” and that, if used for criminal or illicit state purposes, it could generate “deep psychological damage” to the global order.

Also in Summer 2023, the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) analyzed AI adoption practices in numerous settings to evaluate how regulators might address issues that have already arisen. Recent court cases show that the protections previously enjoyed by software developers might be eroding as more civil liberty, intellectual property, and privacy cases with AI-based fact patterns hit the courts. As ‘matters of first impression,’ the results of these early lawsuits will be the foundation of what will undoubtedly become an immense new body of laws.

All by itself, Generative AI is causing much consternation in computer labs and C-Suites around the world. AI vendors have utilized vast quantities of web-based copyrighted data as part of the software’s ‘training materials,’ and the owners of those copyrights aren’t happy that their work has been co-opted without their permission.

As has been the case with all technology, the promise of AI and all its permutations creates as many concerns as it does possibilities. The world is now grappling to get those concerns under control.

 

AI Governance Inputs

Entities invested in putting controls around AI threats are also working on enforcement systems to ensure compliance by AI proponents. Three early entries into the fray help to outline the scope, depth, and breadth of the challenge all AI developers are now facing as their products become more ubiquitous in the world:

The Asilomar Principles

While AI programming itself has been around for a while, articulated considerations about its safe usage are relatively new. In 2017, the Future of Life Institute gathered a group of concerned individuals to explore the full range of its opportunities and issues. The resulting ‘Asilomar Principles‘ set out 23 guidelines that parse AI development activities into three categories: Research, Ethics and Values, and Longer-Term Issues.

The OECD

The work of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is also notable. The OECD works to establish uniform policy standards related to the economic growth of its 37 market-based, democratic members. These 37 countries research, inaugurate, and share development activities across more than 20 policy areas involving economic, social, and natural resources. As a group, the OECD considers AI to be a general-purpose technology that belongs to no one country or entity. Accordingly, its members agree that its use should be based on international, multi-stakeholder, and multidisciplinary cooperation to ensure that its implementation benefits all people as well as the planet.

The OECD parses its work into two main categories, each of which has five subparts.

Its Values-Based Principles focus on the sustainable development of AI stewardship to provide inclusive growth and well-being opportunities that pursue humanitarian and fair goals. AI developers should make their work transparent and understandable to most users while ensuring the validity of its safety and security capacities, and they should be – and be held – accountable for the programs they create.

For policymakers, the OECD recommends establishing international standards that define the safe and transparent development of AI technologies that function compatably within the existing digital ecosystem. Policy environments should be flexible to encourage the growth and innovation of the software while protecting human rights and also limiting its capacity to be used for less than honorable reasons.

The European Union

On Wednesday, March 14, 2024, the European Union voted to implement its ‘Artificial Intelligence Act,’ the world’s first set of AI regulations. It took three years of negotiations, data wrangling, and intense discussions to achieve … “historic legislation [that] sets a balanced approach [to] guarantee [our] citizen’s rights while encouraging innovation” around the development of AI. The full EU Parliament is expected to vote on the new laws in April; there is no expectation of significant opposition to it.

Fundamentally, the AI Act is focused on limiting the risks AI presents, especially in certain situations. Some AI programming provides rote actions that don’t require intense analysis or oversight, so they don’t need excessively intense regulation, either. Other AI platforms, however, incorporate more sensitive data in their computations, such as those that use private biometric or financial data. Inappropriate use of such sensitive information could be disastrous for the person or people exposed, and the scope of AI technology has the capacity to expand that risk to a much greater scale. The AI Act requires developers to prove their model’s trustworthiness and transparency, as well as demonstrate that it respects personal privacy laws and doesn’t discriminate. Entities that are found to be non-compliant with the AI Act risk a fine of up to 7% of their global annual profits.

 

These are just three of the many governments and organizations working to gain control over the use of AI within their jurisdictions. Leaders in the United States are also focused on the concern. The second article in this edition of the Pulse looks at what’s happening in America as it, too, reels from the immense and growing impact of AI on virtually all of its systems and communities.

 

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